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This report and associated recommendations have been developed out of several months of reviewing and discussing the attribute space across a broad range of sectors and interests. The wiki space for the discussion group includes a repository of links to information in government, commercial industry, and higher education in the United States, Canada, Europe, and New Zealand. From that base of information we have identified the following gaps and made a set of recommendations for further work.

Identifying Requirements for Attribute Management

http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/AMDG/Attribute+Requirements

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Gap Analysis

As the group discussed requirements, identifying where those requirements had no cohesive, supporting effort behind them guided the definition and prioritization of gaps in the Attribute Management space. Some areas had limited work associated with them, but the effort behind that work either addressed only a small section of the problem space or seemed to be working in a vacuum. The list below highlights the major gaps and what work, if any, is happening in that area.

Gap #1: Definitions in the Attribute Space

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The repository of information put together by the Attribute Management Discussion group is a start to closing the gap around the definitions required of the different components of the Attribute Ecosystem, but pulling together a more granular document should be a fundamental requirement to further work being done by Kantara. The general consensus is that it is better to take the time to find where work is going on than to duplicate effort.

Efforts in this space:

• Kantara Initiative Attribute Management Discussion Group – Industry Efforts wiki page: http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/AMDG/Current+Industry+Efforts
• Internet Society Trust & Identity group, Mapping the Identity Ecosystem and Moving Forward with an Internet Attribute Infrastructure workshops (reports not yet public)

Gap #2: Identifying common core business activity (and matching process) sets

Discussions around attribute management extend into discussing specific industry classifications and activity classifications. More work is needed, however, to understand industries and their associated activities that drive services, and develop a classification system for the processes underlying the activities. For interoperability, we need an agreed upon taxonomy, syntax, grammar and semantics for these process patterns just as much as we need the agreement for the sets of attributes that are managed down in the bowels of these generic processes.

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Efforts in this space:

• SEMIC.EU was a starter project but closed in 2009, now partly replaced by ISA
• The Government of Canada strategy of federating credential and then federating identity

Gap #3: Establishing common semantics and terminology

A common, accepted list of attributes and associated definitions is currently not achievable in its entirety. The goal, however, of publishing code lists and meanings to a public directory should be possible. There is a need for local profiles to be published to a central URN/URL namespace repository so other parties and metadata interoperating with the attribute provider can get the applicable 'set'.

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The local definition of attributes in any given global schema, the interpretation of metadata and trust frameworks, creates a space where it is very difficult to share information that will meet the expectation of relying parties.

Efforts in this space:

• InCommon Federation site regarding the Categorization of attributes
• The Finnish attribute profile (in Finnish but English option available of the portal front page): http://www.suomi.fi/suomifi/tyohuone/yhteiset_palvelut/verkkotunnistaminen_ja_-maksaminen_vetuma/tekninen_rajapinta/finnish_attribute_profile/FinnishAttributeProfile20110221.pdf
• UK government Data standards http://interim.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/govtalk/schemasstandards/e-gif/datastandards.aspx
• An emerging effort is the ISOC initiative 'Moving forward with an Internet Attribute Infrastructure', that spawned from the main gap identified in the 2011 workshop 'Mapping the Identity Ecosystem' ( http://tid.isoc.org/trac/ideco) ;

Gap #4: Identifying and defining contexts

Perhaps a subset of Semantics and Terminology, the question of context is significant in its own right. From an electronic identity perspective, what information is expressed about an individual will often vary according to the context in which it is requested or presented. An identity is expressed differently with different attributes under different contexts.

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How should attributes be categorized or expressed in different contexts? Is this a question that can be rolled in to the questions around Attribute Semantics? Governance? Schema? It overlaps all of the above.

Efforts in this space:

• The Government of British Columbia evidence of identity

Gap #5: Agreeing to a common language - Schema and Metadata

Attribute metadata is another aspect of attribute management concerning the exchange of attributes. What is needed is agreement on what the semantics are for metadata. For example, SAML has some metadata for attributes, but much more will be needed as the growth of interoperability of attributes continues. We will need registries for attribute sets/categorization (i.e. IANA), agreement about the semantics, and mappings between sets of attributes having differing semantics

NOTE: Check with John Bradley/OASIS Trust elevation TC regarding where SAML is, and is not, relevant to this report.

Efforts in this space:

Higher Education

• the eduPerson schema
  
• the SCHema for ACademia effort (SCHAC) – Europe

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• Finland's Suomi.fi
• British Columbia, Canada attributes about people and their relationships with others in a government context and an initial set of attributes or claims
  
• Austria's eGov-cooperation /local/state/federal): Specification of "eGov token" (pdf, German)
• Relevant??: UK government Data standards http://interim.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/govtalk/schemasstandards/e-gif/datastandards.aspx

Gap #6: Agreeing to a standard query Language

With no standard/normative query language, there is no way to ask a broad set of identity providers anything about the entities they are authoritative for. When a service provider needs to ask dozens of identity providers across the globe "Is this person of legal age to use my service?" the attribute space has no answer.

Efforts in this space:

• OpenID Connect
  
• SAML Attribute Query (profiled)?

Gap #7: Interoperability between protocols

The protocol space around attributes is comparatively stable. Protocols such as SAML and OAuth are in broad use and fairly well understood. PKI certificates and web services also have strong community support and understanding. What is missing, however, is better guidance on how exactly to use those protocols to carry attributes and their associated metadata in a secure and interoperable fashion. In particular, how to use these protocols in the mobile device market is an issue.

Efforts in this space:

• SAML
• OAuth
• PKI certificates
• OASIS Web Services over SOAP
  

Gap #8: Trust frameworks

With regard to attribute management and governance in Trust Frameworks, quite a bit of work has gone into the Identity Confidence/Assurance aspect, with different levels of confidence/assurance certifications described by different standards bodies, auditors trained, and a general understanding of the concept shared. That said, finding a trust framework that extends down to the level of the attributes themselves is still a work in progress. An individual could have a mix of self-asserted and proofed attributes describing them, and a consumer of those attributes should be able to choose which attribute to use, depending on the context of the activity or transaction. The question of how a cohesive Trust Framework could handle information at the attribute level is still an open question and will be a critical component of attribute management. The complexity of attribute management is multiplied many times in the case of inter-federation. Trust framework governance becomes a critical dependency for cohesive attribute management.

The notion of levels of assurance applying to attributes has been recently challenged (see http://blog.idmanagement.gov/2012/03/to-loa-or-not-to-loa-for-attributes-not.html ) since the measure of confidence/level of confidence one can have in an attribute (and how that is determined) is likely to be different than the generally understood notion of Level of Assurance which derived from the context of OMB -04-04 and NSIT SP-800-63. Work needs to be done to resolve any further confusion or misunderstanding through defining the components that constitute this 'LoC', and to confirm the need to differentiate this context from the context of identity proofing and credential strength that is applied to 'LoA' of identity.

Efforts in this space:

• OIX Attribute Working Group
• Kantara's Business Cases for Trust Frameworks: http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/bctf/Home
• ProtectNetwork: www.protectnetwork.org

Gap #9: Defining and implementing consent

The legal definition and implementation around consent is reaching a stable point in the EU. That said, there is still some concern that implementing consent in the federation space is still problematic. Consent management will undoubtedly involve consent-related attributes and attribute sets in the consent process. Consent needs to be 'designed in' either as in band or as a service but implemented in a standardized way so you get consistent UX.

Efforts in this space:

• EU Data Protection
• ABC4Trust: https://abc4trust.eu/

Gap #10: Governance around use of attributes

A driver for the exploration of attribute management is the growing economy behind the mining and exchange of attribute information. We see here the overlap of financial reward and privacy regulation; overlaps such as this generally see the creation of some kind of governance model. That governance may be formal regulation, it may be accepted industry standards groups, or some other model. Different sectors of society and industry are looking at what governance is necessary in the world of Internet Identity and the attribute economy. Each group, however, has a fairly narrow view of how governance is required in their particular sector.

Efforts in this space:

• Federal PKI and PKI Bridge Certification Authority: http://www.idmanagement.gov/
• APEC Privacy Framework, in particular the Cross Border Privacy enforecement Arrangement: www.apec.org/Groups/Committee-on-Trade-andInvestment/Electronic-Commerce-Steering-Group/Cross-border-Privacy-Enforcement-Arrangement.aspx
• An emerging effort is the ISOC initiative 'Moving forward with an Internet Attribute Infrastructure', that spawned from the main gap identified in the 2011 workshop 'Mapping the Identity Ecosystem' ( http://tid.isoc.org/trac/ideco )

Recommendations

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Recommendation #1: Definitions and general coordination

In response to Gap #1

A more detailed review of working groups, standards efforts, and general understanding of terms is required. The ideal document would be